Resistance Exercise Sessions Comprising Multijoint vs. Single-Joint Exercises Result in Similar Metabolic and Hormonal Responses, But Distinct Levels of Muscle Damage in Trained Men.

ABSTRACT: Barbosa, PH, Bueno de Camargo, JB, Jonas de Oliveira, J, Reis Barbosa, CG, Santos da Silva, A, Dos-Santos, JW, Verlengia, R, Barreira, J, Braz, TV, and Lopes, CR. Resistance exercise sessions comprising multijoint vs. single-joint exercises result in similar metabolic and hormonal responses, but distinct levels of muscle damage in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 842-847, 2024-Resistance-type exercise (RE) elicits distinct acute metabolic and hormonal responses, which can be modulated by the manipulation of training variables. The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolic (blood lactate and estimated lactic anaerobic system energy expenditure) and hormonal (growth hormone [GH]) responses to RE sessions composed exclusively of multijoint (MULTI) or single-joint (SINGLE) exercises. Assessments of creatine kinase (CK) levels were also performed. In a crossover design, 10 recreationally resistance-trained men (age: 26.9 ± 3.0 years, total body mass: 83.2 ± 13.8 kg; height: 176 ± 7.0 cm; training experience: 5.5 ± 2.4 years) were randomly submitted to both protocols. Blood collections were made pre, 3 minutes after, and 36 hours after each experimental session. No significant difference between MULTI vs. SINGLE was observed for the rises in blood lactate (p = 0.057) and GH (p = 0.285) levels. For CK, a significant difference between the protocols was noted, in which MULTI resulted in significant rises after 3 minutes (p = 0.017) and 36 hours (p = 0.043) compared with SINGLE. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that resistance-trained individuals display similar metabolic and hormonal responses when performing MULTI and SINGLE exercise protocols. Also, RE sessions comprising MULTI exercises induce a higher magnitude of muscle damage, which may require a longer recovery period compared with SINGLE.

Chronic Effects of Inter-Set Static Stretching on Morphofunctional Outcomes in Recreationally Resistance-Trained Male and Female.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) with inter-set static stretching (IS) versus traditional RT (TRT) on morphofunctional outcomes in recreationally resistance-trained male and female. Methods: Twenty-two recreationally-trained subjects were allocated to IS group (n = 12) or TRT (n = 10) and completed eight weeks of RT. The only difference between the groups was that IS group included static stretching between sets, while the TRT rested between the sets. Ultrasound images, dynamic and isometric strength tests for the elbow flexors and elbow extensors were evaluated pre- and post-intervention period. Results: Total training volume (TTV) was greater in TRT than IS (p = .031). TRT and IS caused similar increases in maximal dynamic and isometric strength. Fascicle length of the brachialis increased following TRT (p = .033); muscle thickness and the pennation angle of the distal portion of the triceps brachii increased following IS (p = .035 and p = .007, respectively). There were no significant changes in thickness and architecture for biceps brachii in either group. There were no significant differences between groups for any muscle strength and morphology outcome. Conclusion: IS negatively affects TTV but does not affect muscle strength and architecture of recreationally resistance-trained male and female.

Muscle Hypertrophy Responses to Changes in Training Volume: A Retrospective Analysis.

This study assessed associations between changes in the weekly number of sets performed and the percentage change in muscle thickness of the biceps (MTBB) and triceps (MTTB) brachii muscles. Through a retrospective analysis, sixty-eight resistance-trained subjects that participated in previous studies had their previous training volumes analyzed and compared to the volume imposed during each individual study. The relationship between variables was determined through Spearman correlation and a k-cluster analysis was performed to subdivide the participants into three groups and classified as:<0%; 0-50%, and >50% increase in the number of sets for both muscle groups. Moderate and weak correlations were observed between the alterations in training volume and changes in MTBB (rs=0.44, p=0.001) and MTTB (rs=0.35, p=0.002), respectively. A significant difference was noted between<0% to >50% for MTBB and MTTB (p=0.017; p=0.042, respectively), while no significant difference was observed between<0% to 0-50% and 0-50% to >50% (both p >0.05) for both muscle groups. In conclusion, muscle hypertrophy of the upper limbs is only weakly to moderately associated with changes in training volume of trained subjects.

Effects of resistance training on consecutive and non-consecutive days on hormonal, neuromuscular and morphological responses in recreationally trained men / Efeitos do treinamento de força em dias consecutivos e não consecutivos nas respostas hormonal, neuromuscular e morfológica em homens treinados recreacionalmente

abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two recovery periods between consecutive and non-consecutive days in strength training sessions on hormonal, neuromuscular and morphological variables in recreationally trained men. Nineteen young men completed the study and were randomly divided into two groups: 24R, 24-hour recovery group (n = nine) and 72R, 72-hour recovery group (n = ten). The strength training program (RT) lasted six weeks with two serial routines, with a weekly frequency of four times. The saliva sample was collected once a week in the morning to determine salivary testosterone. The 1RM, jump against movement and body composition tests were performed in the pre- and post-training periods. As for salivary testosterone, there was no significant effect with respect to time and between groups. Both groups improved maximal strength in terms of intervention time in the barbell bench press and in the leg press 45º, not differing between groups and body composition showed significant interaction in time to body fat percentage ∆% = -14.6 ± 10.0 (24R) and -17.2 ± 10.9 (72R); p = 0.00, fat mass ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9.2 (24R) and -18.2 ± 13.0 (72R); p = 0.00 and fat-free mass ∆% = 3.5 ± 2.7 (24R) and 2.5 ± 2 .8 (72R), p = 0.00. The recovery periods 24 and 72 hours between sessions induced similar responses in the parameters investigated in recreationally strength-trained men.

resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de dois períodos de recuperação entre dias consecutivos e não consecutivos em sessões de treinamento de força sobre variáveis hormonais, neuromusculares e morfológicas em homens treinados recreacionalmente. Dezenove homens jovens completaram o estudo e foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 24R, grupo de recuperação de 24 horas (n = nove) e 72R, grupo de recuperação de 72 horas (n = dez). O programa de treinamento de força (TF) durou seis semanas com duas rotinas seriadas, com frequência semanal de quatro vezes. A amostra de saliva foi coletada uma vez por semana no período da manhã para determinação da testosterona salivar. Os testes de 1RM, salto contra movimento e composição corporal foram realizados nos períodos pré e pós-treinamento. Quanto à testosterona salivar, não houve efeito significativo em relação ao tempo e entre os grupos. Ambos os grupos melhoraram a força máxima em termos de tempo de intervenção no supino reto com barra e no leg press 45º, não diferindo entre os grupos e composição corporal apresentaram interação significativa no tempo para percentual de gordura corporal ∆% = -14,6 ± 10,0 (24R) e -17,2 ± 10,9 (72R); p = 0,00, massa gorda ∆% = -13, 7 ± 9,2 (24R) e -18,2 ± 13,0 (72R); p = 0,00 e massa isenta de gordura ∆% = 3,5 ± 2,7 (24R) e 2,5 ± 2,8 (72R), p = 0,00. Os períodos de recuperação de 24 e 72 horas entre as sessões induziram respostas semelhantes nos parâmetros investigados em homens treinados de força recreacionalmente.

Manipulating Resistance Training Variables to Induce Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Brief Narrative Review.

The regular practice of resistance training (RT) has been shown to induce relevant increases in both muscle strength and size. In order to maximize these adaptations, the proper manipulation of RT variables is warranted. In this sense, the aim of the present study was to review the available literature that has examined the application of the acute training variables and their influence on strength and morphological adaptations of healthy young adults. The information presented in this study may represent a relevant approach to proper training design. Therefore, strength and conditioning coaches may acquire a fundamental understanding of RT-variables and the relevance of their practical application within exercise prescription.

An Examination of Two Resistance Training Frequency Techniques in Morphological and Functional Adaptations of the Patellar Tendon.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of distinct resistance training frequencies with equated-volume conditions in morphological and functional adaptations of the patellar tendon. Twenty-seven recreationally resistance-trained subjects (men [n=17] and women [n=10]) (age: 20.8 ± 1.9 years [range 18 to 25 years]; height: 1.73 ± 9.8 cm; total body mass = 73.2 ± 11.7 kg; previous RT experience = 3.3 ± 1.6 years) volunteered to participate in this study. A total of 16 training sessions were performed during the study period. Each subject's leg was randomly allocated to one of the following training protocols: 2 training sessions/week (2x) or 4 training sessions/week (4x). Measurements of tendon cross sectional area (CSA) and length were performed through ultrasound imaging. One repetition maximum test was performed to assess patellar tendon force (PTF) unilaterally. For CSA (2x: Δ= -1.3%; 4x: Δ= -0.9%), and length (2x: Δ= -0.4%; 4x: Δ= 1.2%), no significant differences were observed within or between conditions (all p > 0.05). For PTF, a significant difference was observed between conditions (mean difference = 0.05 [-125 to 224] p= 0.001). In conclusion, the leg extension exercise performed 2 vs 4x/week induces similar patellar tendon morphological responses. However, the increase in force seems to be enhanced by a lower weekly training frequency associated with a longer intervention period.

Resistance-Trained Individuals Can Underestimate the Intensity of the Resistance Training Session: An Analysis Among Sexes, Training Experience, and Exercises.

ABSTRACT: Dos Santos, WM, Tavares Junior, AC, Braz, TV, Lopes, CR, Brigatto, FA, and Dos Santos, JW. Resistance-trained individuals can underestimate the intensity of the resistance training session: An analysis among genders, training experience, and exercises. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1506-1510, 2022-Resistance training (RT) promotes improvements in healthy parameters for young to elderly adults and athletes' performance. Strength and muscle mass improvements are dependent on exercise intensity. This study verifies whether 53 healthy young adults underestimate exercise intensity in 3 different exercises, such as bench press (BP), biceps curl (BC), and leg press 45° (LP). Researchers asked the subjects "How much load do you use to perform 10 repetitions in this exercise usually in workout routines?" in each exercise. Individuals warmed up and then performed as many repetitions as possible until they reached the concentric failure. Deviations from data normality were found by using Levene's test; the number of repetitions per exercise within sex was tested by using Friedman's test and Conover's post hoc and Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare the number of repetitions between sex and RT experience. We correlated the number of repetitions and training experience using the Spearman test. The number of repetitions for both groups (male and female) is greater than 8-12 repetitions for BC and LP and BP of the female group, except for men who perform around 8-12 repetitions on BP. Frequency of maximal repetitions reached for 8-12 repetitions for women was 12% for BP, 28% for BC, and 28% for LP. The frequency men reached was 46.5% for BP, 14.3% for BC, and 14.3% for LP. Training experience did not influence the number of repetitions reached. Resistance training practitioners underestimate exercise load (56% of total sample) to be independent of experience. Women underestimate exercise load more than men. Based on the present results, it is possible to state that RT should not be prescribed considering a predefined number of repetitions and a linked percentage of loads, without the guidance for frequent adjustments of loads, according to the exercise performed.

Dissociated Time Course of Indirect Markers of Muscle Damage Recovery Between Single-Joint and Multi-joint Exercises in Resistance-Trained Men.

ABSTRACT: de Camargo, JBB, Braz, TV, Batista, DR, Germano, MD, Brigatto, FA, and Lopes, CR. Dissociated time course of indirect markers of muscle damage recovery between single-joint and multi-joint exercises in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2089-2093, 2022-This study compared the time course of indirect markers of muscle damage after multi-joint and single-joint exercises. Ten resistance-trained men (years: 26.9 ± 3.0; total body mass: 83.2 ± 13.8 kg; height: 176 ± 7.0 cm; resistance training [RT] experience: 5.5 ± 2.4 years; RT frequency: 5.3 ± 0.7 sessions; relative squat 1 repetition maximum: 1.4 ± 0.3) performed, in a random order, 5 sets of 8 repetition maximum of the back squat (BS) and knee extension (KE) exercises. Rectus femoris muscle thickness (MT RF ), leg circumference (LC), and muscle soreness (MS) were recorded at baseline (pre), 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after each exercise protocol. There was a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in dependent variables at every time point after both the multi-joint and single-joint exercise sessions. However, MT RF and LC were greater at 0 and 36 hours, and MS was greater at 24 and 36 hours after BS when compared with KE (all p < 0.05). This study shows that resistance-trained individuals can experience significant higher levels of indirect markers of muscle damage when performing a multi-joint lower-limb exercise compared with a single one.

Beta-alanine Supplementation for Four Weeks Increases Volume Index and Reduces Perceived Effort of Resistance-trained Men: A Pilot Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term effects of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (BA) (6.4 g/day) on the total volume performed and perceived effort of resistance-trained individuals. Sixteen trained men (age: 27.3 ± 5.0 years, height: 1.78 ± 0.1 cm, total body mass: 84.3 ± 8.4 kg, RT experience: 5.9 ± 3.3 years) were allocated in one of the following groups: BA or Placebo (PLA). In addition, during the same period, participants were submitted to a resistance training program. Volume index (VI) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during the experimental period for both groups. Significant increases from the first to the last intervention week in VI were observed only for BA (+6.5%, d = 0.61, p = 0.04). In addition, supplementation induced a lower mean RPE (BA: 8.8 ± 0.5 AU vs. PLA: 9.4 ± 0.3 AU, p = 0.02). In conclusion, four weeks of BA supplementation were able to increase resistance-training volume without affecting the perceived effort of trained men.

Order of Resistance Training Cycles to Develop Strength and Muscle Thickness in Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the chronic effects of different order of resistance training cycles on strength and muscle thickness of recreationally resistance-trained men. The study sample was composed of 16 healthy men (age: 25.0 ± 3.8 years, height: 1.77 ± 7.6 cm, total body mass: 81.7 ± 10.4 kg, RT experience: 4.6 ± 0.7 years, relative bench press one repetition maximum: 1.2 ± 0.1, relative squat one-repetition maximum: 1.5 ± 0.2). According to baseline maximal strength, participants were allocated in one of the following groups: Maximal Strength-Strength Endurance (MS-SE) (six weeks of a maximal strength cycle followed by six weeks of a strength endurance cycle); Strength Endurance -Maximal Strength (MS-SE) (six weeks of a strength endurance cycle followed by six weeks of a maximal strength cycle). The following measurements were performed in the pre and post intervention periods: one-repetition maximum (1RM) on parallel back squat and bench press exercises, muscle thickness evaluation of biceps brachialis (MTBB), triceps brachialis (MTTB), and vastus lateralis (MTVL) by ultrasonography. Total load lifted (TLL) and Internal training load (ITL) were also assessed. Both groups presented significant increases in bench press (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.003) and half squat (MS-SE p = 0.004, SE-MS p = 0.001) 1RM, MTBB (MS-SE p = 0.020, SE-MS p = 0.005) and MTTB (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.001). For MTVL, a significant increase was observed only for MS-SE group (MS-SE p = 0.032, SE-MS p = 0.143). No significant difference between groups was observed for any strength or morphological outcomes. In conclusion, both MS-SE and SE-MS training cycles are effective strategies to enhance resistance training adaptations in trained men.

Acute Effects of Foam Rolling on Cycling Performance: A Randomized Cross-Over Study.

Acute foam rolling protocols may increase range of motion without a negative impact on muscle performance. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of foam rolling on cycling performance (mean power and maximal power), affect and perceived exertion. A secondary aim was to assess the effect of foam rolling on post-exercise muscle soreness. In a random order, ten recreationally trained cyclists (age: 26 ± 5 years; height 1.76 ± 0.06 m; total body mass 78.3 ± 19.8 kg; cycling experience: 5.6 ± 5.3 years; 4.1 ± 1.3 cycling sessions per week and 1.4 ± 1.4 strength sessions per week) were submitted to the following experimental conditions (separated by one week) before performing a three-minute, all-out cycling test: foam rolling or control. During foam rolling protocol, participants were instructed to roll back and forth on one leg and to place the opposite leg crossed over, from the proximal to the distal portion of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis during one set of sixty seconds for each muscle group. Feeling scale (10 min pre and post-test), CR-10 scale of perceived exertion (ten-minute post-test), pressure pain threshold (pre and 24 h post-test) and mean/maximal power were assessed. No significant differences were observed between conditions for mean and maximal power, affect, perceived exertion, and pressure pain threshold (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, a pre-exercise acute session of self-myofascial release does not improve performance and post-exercise muscle soreness of recreationally trained cyclists.

Chronic Effects of Heavy Load Activity Performed Before Resistance Training Sessions on the Physical Performance of Youth Soccer Players.

The adoption of resistance training (RT) programs has been shown to positively influence sports performance-related parameters. However, the chronic effects of maximal strength protocols on the performance of soccer players are not completely investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing two repetition maximum (2RM) before a resistance training session on the physical performance of youth soccer players. Seventeen players (under-20 category) were allocated in one of the following groups: 2RM + resistance training group (2RM + RT, n = 8) and resistance training group (RTG, n = 9). Both groups performed the same RT protocol during experimental weeks. However, the 2RM + RT performed 1 set of 2RM for 4 exercises, previously to RT protocol. Pre and post intervention period, one repetition maximum of the back squat exercise (1RMSQUAT), sprint time (15m-sprint test), countermovement jump (CMJ), repeated sprint ability (RSABEST and RSAMEAN), and yo-yo intermittent recovery test level-2 (YYIRT2) were assessed. Total load lifted (TLL) during the experimental weeks was also collected. Significant increases in 1RMSQUAT (2RM + RT: +45.1%, d = 4.40; RTG: +32.3%, d = 1.84), 15m sprint (2RM + RT: -9.0%, d = 7.9; RTG: -8.8%%, d = 3.2), CMJ (2RM + RT: +2.3%, d = 0.17; RTG: +0.8%, d = 0.07), RSABEST (2RM + RT: -2.4%, d = 0.6; RTG: -2.3%, d = 1.04), RSAMEAN (2RM + RT: -2.9%, d = 1.33; RTG: -3.4%, d = 1.78), YYIRT2 (2RM + RT: +12.0%, d = 0.82; RTG: +12.1%, d = 0.63) (all p < 0,05) were observed for both groups on pre to post-intervention periods, with no significant difference between groups. Therefore, the 2RM + RT protocol did not promote additional increase on performance of young soccer players.

Manipulação das variáveis do treinamento de força nas academias da região metropolitana de Campinas-SP / Manipulation of the training variables in fitness center of metropolitan region of Campinas-SP

O treinamento de força (TF) demonstra importante impacto para melhora e/ou manutenção da aptidão física. Programas de TF tem como principal objetivo o aumento de força e da área de secção transversa. Essas adaptações crônicas do TF são induzidas por vias de sinalização para otimizar o aumento da área de secção transversa. Portanto, a interação entre as variáveis do TF torna possível uma prescrição adequada dos programas. Sendo algumas das variáveis do TF definidas pela seleção dos exercícios, volume, intensidade, intervalo entre séries, velocidade de execução (cadência), ordem dos exercícios, ação muscular, frequência semanal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar quais variáveis do TF são manipuladas nas planilhas de treinamento, nas academias da região metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). O estudo contou com a participação de 114 academias da RMC do estado de São Paulo (SP). Foi verificada através de inspeção visual as variáveis do TF exercícios, volume, intensidade, intervalo entre séries, velocidade de execução, ordem dos exercícios, ação muscular e frequência semanal presente nas planilhas de treinamento, além da quantidade de funcionários envolvidos durante o processo de prescrição e monitoramento do TF. Os resultados do presente estudos demonstram que as variáveis exercício, volume, intensidade e ordem dos exercícios estão presente em 100% das planilhas de treinamento, enquanto que menos de 50% das planilhas de treinamento apresentam as variáveis intervalo entre séries, velocidade de execução e ação muscular. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem concluir que as principais variáveis do TF não são manipuladas nas planilhas de treinamento das academias da RMC.(AU)

Resistance training (RT) demonstrates important impact to improving and/or maintaining physical fitness. RT program has as main purpose the increase of strength and cross-sectional area. These chronic adaptations are induced by signaling pathways to optimize the increase of cross-sectional area. Therefore, the interaction between RT variables makes it possible a adequate prescription of program. Some of the RT variables are defined by exercises selection, volume, intensity, intervals between set, speed of execution, exercises order, muscle action, weekly frequency. The purpose of present study was verify which RT variables are manipulated in training worksheets, in fitness center of metropolitan region of Campinas (MRC). The study counted with the participation of 114 fitness center of MRC of São Paulo (SP) state. It was verified through visual inspection the RT variables exercises, volume, intensity, intervals between set, speed of execution, exercises order, muscle action, weekly frequency, besides the quantity of employed involved during prescription process and monitoring the RT. The results of the present study demonstrate that variables exercise, volume, intensity and exercise order are present in 100% of training worksheets, while less 50% of training worksheets exhibited the variables intervals between sets, speed of execution and muscle action. The findings of present study suggest conclude that the main RT variables are not manipulated in training of worksheets of fitness center of MRC.(AU)

The range of motion of the back squat exercise affects absolute volume load without changing the rating of perceived exertion / A amplitude de movimento no agachamento afeta o volume absoluto sem modificar a percepção de esforço

Abstract The range of motion (ROM) may affect the external maximal load during back squat (BS) exercise. The correct ROM manipulation can be useful as an exercise load manipulation strategy, changing the volume load during a resistance training session. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of ROM on relative load, absolute load and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during partial and full BS exercise with adjusted loads. Fifteen male individuals (age: 26.5±4.5 years; height: 173±6 cm; body mass: 80.6 ± 8.8 kg; resistance training experience 5±3 years) participated in this study. The experimental procedure was conducted in two sessions. In the first session, brief familiarization and a 10-repetition maximal test (10-RM) was performed for partial (PBS) and full BS exercise (FBS) with 30-min of rest interval. During the second session, all subjects performed 1 set of 10-RM in both conditions (partial and full ROM), and relative load, absolute load, and RPE were evaluated. A paired t-test was used to compare means. The results showed higher values for PBS when compared to FE exercise: relative load (PBS: 1.14±0.24xBW vs. FBS: 0.87±0.24xBW; P<0.001), and absolute load (PBS: 925±249 kg x FBS: 708±232 kg, P<0.001). Similar RPE was observed between conditions (PBS: 8.6±1.3 IEP x FBS: 8.5±1.0 IEP, P=0.855). It was concluded that PBS allowed higher relative load and absolute load during 10RM, without effects on RPE.

Resumo A amplitude de movimento durante o exercício agachamento pode afetar a sobrecarga imposta ao sistema neuromuscular. Desta forma, a manipulação da amplitude de movimento pode ser utilizada como estratégia de manipulação da sobrecarga do exercício, alterando o volume absoluto da sessão de treinamento bem como os ajustes agudos do sistema neuromuscular. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos agudos da amplitude de movimento na sobrecarga relativa, volume absoluto e na percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) durante o exercício agachamento total e parcial com sobrecargas ajustadas. Participaram do estudo 15 homens (idade: 26,5±4,5 anos; estatura: 173±6 cm; massa corporal total: 80,6±8,8 kg; e tempo de prática no treinamento de força 5±3 anos). O experimento foi conduzido em duas sessões. Na primeira sessão, foi realizada a familiarização, coleta dos dados antropométricos e determinação de 10 repetições máximas (RMs) para o exercício agachamento parcial (AP) e total (AT). Na segunda sessão, os voluntários realizaram 10-RMs no exercício AP e AT com as sobrecargas ajustadas. Então, os participantes foram orientados a reportar a PSE. Um teste t de student pareado foi utilizado para comparar as médias. Os resultados mostram maior volume relativo (AP: 1,14±0,24xMC vs. AT: 0,87±0,24xMC; P<0,001) e volume absoluto (AP: 925±249 kg vs AT: 708±232 kg, respectivamente, P<0,001) no agachamento parcial quando comparado ao total. A PSE não apresentou diferenças significantes entre amplitudes (AP: 8,6±1,3 vs AT: 8,5±1,0; P=0,855). Conclui-se que a realização do AP possibilita a produção de maior volume absoluto e não influencia a PSE.

Are there relationship between internal and external load of aerobic training with heart rate variability in women? / Há relação da carga interna e externa do treinamento aeróbio com variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em mulheres?

ABSTRACT The purpose was to investigate the relationship between internal training load (ITL), external training load (ETL) and heart rate variability (HRV) in women. 16 women (48.2 ± 6.4 yrs) performed HRV recordings (i.e. lnRMSSD - cardiovagal modulation) and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) before and after 12 aerobic training sessions. HRV threshold (HRVT) were used to prescribe aerobic ETL. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was analyzed and served as the measure of ITL. The score found for ITL in the 12 sessions was 2878 ± 380 arbitrary units and ETL were 36822 ± 5852 m. A significant difference was observed in the lnRMSSD (3.14 ± 0.30 vs. 3.43 ± 0.38 ms−1; P = 0.001). There were observed large correlation between lnRMSSD at baseline vs ISWT (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), HRVT (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) and ITL (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Very large correlation between individual smallest worthwhile change lnRMSSD after training and ITL (r = 0.81, P = 0.0001) was observed. There is a strong association between the HRV and aerobic performance (HRVT and ISWTdistance) and strong relationship between HRV and the potential to accumulate ITL, but not aerobic ETL in women.

RESUMO O objetivo foi investigar a relação da carga interna de treinamento (CIT), carga externa de treinamento (CET) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em mulheres. 16 mulheres (48,2 ± 6,4 anos) realizaram medidas de VFC em repouso (variável lnRMSSD - modulação cardiovagal) e o teste incremental de caminhada (TIC) antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento aeróbio. O limiar da VFC (LVFC) foi utilizado para prescrição da CET. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) foi utilizada para cálculo da CIT. O valor de CIT encontrado nas 12 sessões foi de 2878 ± 380 unidades arbitrárias e para CET de 36822 ± 5852 m. Foi observada diferença significativa para lnRMSSD (3,14 ± 0,30 vs. 3,43 ± 0,38 ms−1; P = 0.001). Verificou-se uma correlação grande entre lnRMSSD basal e TIC (r = 0.73, P = 0.001), LVFC (r = 0.67, P = 0.004) e CIT (r = 0.62, P = 0.011). Foi encontrada uma correlação muito grande entre a mínima diferença detectável individual do lnRMSSD após treinamento e CIT. Conclui-se que há uma forte relação entre VFC e performance aeróbia (LVFC e TICdistância), VFC e acúmulo de CIT, porém, sem relação com a CET acumulada nas 12 semanas nas mulheres estudadas.

Sessão de treinamento de forca supervisionada aumenta a carga total levantada e as respostas subjetivas em sujeitos treinados / Supervised resistance training session increases the volume load and the subjective responses in well-trained men

RESUMO O treinamento de forca (TF) com supervisão pode afetar a carga total levantada (CTL), o número total de repetições (NTR), o tempo líquido sob tensão (TLT) e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) em indivíduos experientes em TF. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da supervisão do personal trainer na sessão de indivíduos experientes em TF. Quinze homens (20,0±2 anos; 176,0±4 cm; 79,3±4,7 kg) experientes com o TF realizaram duas sessões compostas com exercícios para o corpo todo. Na sessão sem supervisão do personal trainer (SPT) os sujeitos auto selecionaram as intensidades utilizadas nos exercícios e foram orientados à "selecionar a sobrecarga que eles tipicamente utilizam para realizar 10 repetições"; na sessão com a supervisão do personal trainer (CPT) os sujeitos auto selecionaram as intensidades utilizadas nos exercícios e foram orientados à "realizar o máximo de esforço possível". Foi observada maior CTL (P<0,001, Δ%=30), NTR (P<0,001, Δ%=29), TLT (P=0,003, Δ%=21) e PSE (P<0,001, Δ%=29) na sessão de TF. O presente estudo concluiu que as sessões com supervisão de um personal trainer afetam positivamente as variáveis do treinamento.

ABSTRACT Supervised resistance training may affect several acute variables such as volume load (VL), the maximum number of repetitions (NRM), time under tension (TUT), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in resistance trained-men. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the personal trainer's supervision on a resistance training session in resistance trained-men. Fifteen resistance-trained men (20,0±2 years; 176,0±4 cm; 79,3±4,7 kg) performed two training sessions composed of whole-body exercises. In the session without personal trainer's supervision (NPT) the subjects self-selected their loads for each exercise and were oriented to "select a load typically employed to perform 10 repetitions"; in the session with personal trainer's supervision (WPT) the subjects self-selected their loads for each exercise and were oriented to "perform maximum effort". It was observed greater VL (P<0,001, Δ%=30), NRM (P<0,001, Δ%=29), TUT (P=0,003, Δ%=21), and RPE (P<0,001, Δ%=29) in the resistance training session WPT. The present study concluded that supervised sessions positively affect resistance training variables.

Relação da maturação biológica com variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e resistência intermitente de jovens futebolistas / Relationship of biological maturation with heart rate variability and intermittent resistance of young soccer players

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação entre maturação biológica, modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca e teste de resistência intermitente em jovens jogadores de futebol. Participaram do estudo 23 jovens futebolistas (15,3 ± 1,1 anos, 175 ± 6 cm, 64 ± 7 kg) das categorias sub15 e sub17 de uma equipe da 1ª divisão do campeonato paulista. O estado maturacional foi determinado pela idade do pico de velocidade de crescimento (PVC), usado como indicador relativo de maturidade somática calculada através das medidas de estatura, altura tronco-cefálica, comprimento das pernas, massa corporal e as dobras cutâneas. As medidas de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) foram obtidas em repouso durante 5 minutos e, posteriormente, analisadas pela variável raiz quadrada da média dos quadrados das diferenças entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes (rMSSD). Os indivíduos realizaram o teste de resistência intermitente, Yoyo intermittent recovery test level 2 (YIRT 2), após as medidas de VFC terem sido obtidas. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que não há relação entre modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca (rMSSD = 57,4 ± 26,4 ms) e o estado de maturação biológica (0,67 ± 0,81 anos) dos jovens futebolistas (r= 0,30; p=0,163), enquanto que o teste de resistência intermitente (YIRT 2= 658 ± 151 m) possui uma grande correlação com o pico de velocidade de crescimento (r= 0,71; p< 0,001). A modulação parassimpática da frequência cardíaca possui grande correlação com o teste de resistência intermitente dos jogadores (r= 0,54; p= 0,007). Conclui-se que a utilização da idade do PVC e da VFC como indicador de desempenho no YIRT2 em jovens futebolistas....(AU)

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between biological maturation, parasympathetic heart rate modulation and intermittent endurance test in young soccer players. Participated of the study 23 young soccer players (15.3 ± 1.1 years, 175 ± 6 cm, 64 ± 7 kg) of the sub15 and sub17 categories of the team from the 1st division championship Paulista. The maturational status was determined by the age of the peak height velocity (PHV), used as relative indicator of somatic maturity and are calculated trhough measures of height, trunk-cephalic height, leg length, body weight, and skinfolds. The Heart rate variability (HRV) measures were obtained in rest during 5 minutes and, posteriorly, analyzed by the variable root mean square of the successive difference (rMSSD). For the intermittent endurance test the subjects performed the Yoyo intermittent recovery test level 2 (YIRT 2), before the HRV measures has been taken. The results of the present study shown which there was not relationship between parasympathetic heart rate modulation (rMSSD = 57,4 ± 26,4 ms) and status biological maturation (0,67 ± 0,81 years) of the young soccer players (r= 0,30; p=0,163), then that the intermittent endurance test (YIRT 2= 658 ± 151 m) has a great correlation with PHV (r= 0,71; p< 0,001). The parasympathetic heart rate modulation has a great correlation with intermittent endurance test of the players (r= 0,54; p= 0,007). In this way, the use of the PHV age and HRV as indicator of performance in YIRT2 in young soccer players is suggested....(AU)

Acute Effects of the New Method Sarcoplasma Stimulating Training Versus Traditional Resistance Training on Total Training Volume, Lactate and Muscle Thickness.

Background: Trained subjects have difficulty in achieving continued results following years of training, and the manipulation of training variables through advanced resistance training (RT) methods is widely recommended to break through plateaus. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional RT (TRT) versus two types of sarcoplasma stimulating training (SST) methods on total training volume (TTV), lactate, and muscle thickness (MT). Methods: Twelve trained males (20.75 ± 2.3 years; 1.76 ± 0.14 meters; body mass = 79.41 ± 4.6 kg; RT experience = 4.1 ± 1.8 years) completed three RT protocols in a randomly sequenced order: TRT, SST contraction type (SST-CT), or SST rest interval variable (SST-RIV) with 7 days between trials in arm curl (elbow flexors) and triceps pulley extension (elbow extensors) performed on the same day. Results: The SST groups displayed greater acute biceps and triceps brachii (TB) MT versus the TRT session, with no difference in lactate levels between them. The SST-CT resulted in greater biceps and TB MT versus the SST-RIV session. The TTV was greater for the TRT session versus the SST sessions, except in the case of the elbow flexors (no difference was observed between TRT and SST-CT), and higher for the SST-CT versus the SST-RIV. Conclusion: Trained subjects may benefit from using the SST method as this method may offer a superior MT stimulus and reduced training time, even with a lower TTV.

Alongamento estático de alta intensidade não afeta o volume absoluto de uma sessão de treinamento de força para o peitoral maior e deltoide anterior / High intensity static-stretching protocol does not affect the absolute volume in a resistance training session for pectoralis major and anterior deltoid

O alongamento estático (AE) reduz o desempenho de atividades máximas de força e potência tais como saltos, arremessos e levantamentos. Entretanto, seus efeitos em repetições submáximas levadas até a falha concêntrica em exercícios isolados para o peitoral maior e deltoide anterior são pouco conhecidos. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo do AE na máxima amplitude de movimento passiva (ADMP) e no volume absoluto por exercício (VAE) e por total de séries (VAS) em uma sessão de treinamento de força para o peitoral maior (PM) e deltoide anterior (DA). A amostra foi composta por 11 homens saudáveis (idade: 24,4 ± 3,6 anos; estatura: 174,8 ± 4,4 cm; massa: 83,4 ± 9,8 kg), todos treinados em força (6 ± 3 anos) e com experiência nos exercícios (pecdeck, crossover e crucifixo com halteres). Os sujeitos se apresentaram no laboratório em três sessões. Na primeira sessão foram coletados os dados pessoais, antropométricos e foi realizado o teste de 10RM para os três exercícios (pecdeck, crossover e crucifixo com halteres), separadamente. As condições experimentais foram realizadas na segunda e terceira sessão de forma aleatória. Os sujeitos realizaram a sessão de treinamento de forca para o PM e DA com 5 séries de 10RM e intervalo de 1-min para os exercícios pecdeck, crossover e crucifixo com halteres com alongamento (COM-A) e sem alongamento passivo (SEM-A). O protocolo de alongamento foi composto por 6 séries de 45" e 15" de intervalo a 70-90% da percepção subjetiva de desconforto visando os adutores horizontais do ombro. Os resultados indicam que para a ADMP, ambas as condições (COM-A e SEM-A) apresentaram redução entre os momentos pré-sessão vs. pós-sessão (P<0,01). O volume absoluto não apresentou diferenças entre exercícios ou condições (P=0,184). Conclui-se que a o alongamento estático não influencia o volume absoluto da sessão de treinamento para o peitoral maior e deltoide anterior, entretanto aumenta a máxima amplitude de movimento passivo....(AU)

Static stretching (SS) reduces the performance of maximum strength and power activities such as jumps, throws, and lifts. However, its effects on submaximal repetitions until concentric failure in isolated exercises (for the major pectoralis and anterior deltoid) are poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to verify the acute effect of the SS in the maximum passive range of movement (PROM) and the absolute volume per exercise (VAE) and total number of sets (VAS) in a resistance training session targeting the pectoralis major (PM) and anterior deltoid (AD). The sample consisted of 11 healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 3.6 years, height: 174.8 ± 4.4 cm, mass: 83.4 ± 9.8 kg). The subjects presented in the laboratory in three different sessions. In the first session, the personal and anthropometrical data were collected, and the 10RM test was performed for all exercises (pecdeck, crossover and dumbbell flat fly), separately. The experimental conditions were performed in the second and third sessions at random fashion. The subjects performed the resistance training session with 5 sets of 10RM and 1-min of rest interval for all exercises with SS (W-SS) and without SS (WT-SS). The SS protocol was composed of 6 sets of 45-sec and 15-sec of rest intervals at 70-90% of the subjective perception of discomfort targeting the horizontal adductors of the shoulder. The absolute volume did not show significant differences between exercises or conditions (P=0.184). It is concluded that the SS does not influence the absolute volume of the resistance training session for the PM and AD, however, the SS increases the maximum passive range of movement....(AU)

Treinamento concorrente: Endurance x Força / Concurrent training: Endurance vs. Strength

Os efeitos do treinamento concorrente (TC) têm sido investigados desde a década de 80. Contudo, ainda existem muitas controversas sobre o seu efeito crônico. O objetivo deste estudo foianalisar trabalhos que compararam o comportamento de variáveis relacionadas à morfologia e a performance após a realização do TC. Para tal, foram selecionados 26 artigos no PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e no Google Acadêmico que estudaram seu efeito crônico em seres humanos adultos. Após análise dessas pesquisas verificou-se que as amostras utilizadas foram em ambos os sexos, com um quantitativo de 12 a 50 voluntários. O período de treinamento variou entre 7 e 21 semanas com uma frequência semanal de 2 a 6 dias por semana. Nenhum dos estudos utilizou dieta específica ou relataram o uso de suplementação pelos participantes durante as intervenções. Em relação aos tipos de treinamento observou-se que o TC é capaz de proporcionar uma manutenção ou melhora da composição corporal, reduzindo o percentual de gordura e aumentando a massa magra. O mesmo ocorreu em relação ao VO2máx, assim como o treinamento de endurance. Em relação à força máxima, todos os estudos apresentaram um aumento significante após a realização do TC e do Treinamento de Força (TF), mas em altas velocidades, como na potência, em alguns casos apenas houve a manutenção dos valores iniciais para o TC e o aumento no TF. Embora o TC possa não ser compatível com o desenvolvimento da potência, quando se discute seus benefícios relacionados à saúde, ele se mostrou eficaz...(AU)

The effects of concurrent training (CT) have been investigated since the 1980s. However, there are still many controversies about its chronic effect. The purpose of this research was to analyze studies comparing the behavior of variables related to morphology and performance after CT. For that, 26 articles were selected in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and in Google Scholar that studied its chronic effect in adult humans. After analyzing these studies, it was verified that the samples used were in both sexes, with a quantitative of 12 to 50 volunteers. The training period ranged from 7 to 21 weeks with a weekly frequency of 2 to 6 days per week. None of the studies used a specific diet or reported the use of supplementation by participants during interventions. Regarding the types of training, it was observed that the CT is capable of maintaining or improving body composition, reducing fat percentage and increasing lean mass. The same occurred in relation to VO2max, as well as endurance training. Regarding the maximum force, all the studies presented a significant increase after the accomplishment of the CT and the Strength Training (ST), but in high speeds, as in the power, in some cases only the initial values were maintained for the CT and the increase in ST. Although CT may not be compatible with the development of potency, when discussing its health-related benefits, it has been shown to be effective...(AU)